Tag Archives: #MedicalWriting

The Role of Preprints in Modern Research

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Scientific research dissemination has undergone a significant transformation in recent years, largely owing to the rise of preprint repositories. Preprints, which are versions of scholarly papers that precede formal peer reviews and publications in academic journals, have become an integral part of the scientific communication ecosystem. This blog explores the rise of preprint repositories, their role in accelerating research dissemination, and their impact on traditional journal publishing.

The Rise of Preprint Repositories

They have emerged as vital platforms on which researchers can share their findings with the global scientific community. Repositories, such as arXiv, bioRxiv, and medRxiv, have become popular across various disciplines. The concept of preprints is not new; it dates to the early 1990s with the launch of arXiv, a repository for physics research. However, the proliferation of preprint servers across different fields is a relatively recent phenomenon driven by the need for quicker dissemination of scientific knowledge. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has accelerated the adoption of preprints. With the urgency to share critical research findings related to the virus, treatments, and vaccines, preprint repositories have played a crucial role in providing immediate access to scientific data. This shift highlights the importance of preprints in responding to global health emergencies and underscores their potential to expedite the research process.

Accelerating Research Dissemination

Preprints have revolutionized the speed at which research findings are shared. Traditionally, peer review and publication in academic journals can take months if not years. This delay can hinder the timely dissemination of important scientific discoveries. Preprints address this issue by allowing researchers to share their work with the community almost immediately after completing their manuscript. Rapid dissemination has several benefits:

  1. Immediate Access to Research: Researchers, clinicians, and policymakers can access the latest findings without waiting for a lengthy peer review process. This immediate access is particularly crucial in fields in which timely information can influence ongoing research and public health decisions.
  2. Increased Collaboration: By making research publicly available at an early stage, preprints foster collaboration and feedback from a broader audience. Researchers should receive constructive comments and suggestions to improve the quality of their work before formal publication.
  3. Enhanced Visibility: Preprints can increase the visibility of research findings. Studies available as preprints can attract the attention of the media, funding agencies, and other researchers, potentially leading to new opportunities for collaboration and funding.

Impact on Traditional Journal Publishing

The rise of preprints has significant implications for traditional journal publishing. While preprints offer several advantages, they also challenge the established norms of scientific communication.

  1. Peer Review Process: One of the primary roles of academic journals is to provide rigorous peer review to ensure the quality and reliability of published research. Preprints, by definition, are not peer-reviewed, which has raised concerns about the potential spread of misinformation and the and credibility of unreviewed findings. However, many preprint servers have implemented basic screening processes to mitigate these concerns.
  2. Citation and Credibility: The acceptance and citation of preprints in academic circles have been the subject of debate. Some researchers and institutions hesitate to cite preprints, preferring peerreviewed articles for their credibility. However, the scientific community is gradually recognizing the value of preprints, and many funding agencies and institutions now consider preprints in grant applications and tenure evaluations.
  3. Economic Model: The conventional journal publishing model, which is based on subscription fees and article processing charges, faces challenges from the open-access nature of preprints. Preprints offer an alternative that can reduce the financial burden on researchers and institutions. This shift has prompted journals to explore new business models and to consider the integration of preprints into their publication pipelines.

Preprints in Medical Research

Preprints are particularly influential in medical research. The importance of sharing findings quickly in the medical field, where discoveries can directly impact patient care and public health policies, cannot be overstated. Preprint repositories like medRxiv have gained prominence, providing a platform for medical researchers to disseminate their work before formal peer review.

However, the use of preprints in medical research also requires careful consideration. Since unreviewed medical research can influence clinical practice and public health decisions, a balanced approach is necessary. Researchers and readers must exercise caution, critically evaluating the credibility and reliability of preprint findings.

Future Directions

The incorporation of preprints into the scientific communication landscape will likely continue to evolve. Several trends and developments can be anticipated:

  1. Enhanced Review Mechanisms: Preprint servers may develop more potent review mechanisms, including post-publication peer review and community-based feedback systems. These enhancements can improve the quality and reliability of preprints while retaining the speed of dissemination.
  2. Integration with Journals: Some academic journals are exploring partnerships with preprint servers, offering streamlined submission processes that allow researchers to submit preprints directly to journals for peer review. This integration can bridge the gap between preprints and traditional publishing.
  3. Policy and Guidelines: Institutions, funding agencies, and publishers are likely to develop clearer policies and guidelines regarding the use of preprints. Standardized practices can help address concerns about the credibility and citation of preprints.
  4. Education and Awareness: As preprints become more prevalent, educating researchers, clinicians, and the public about their proper use and interpretation will be essential. Increased awareness can help mitigate the risks associated with unreviewed research while maximizing the benefits of rapid dissemination.

Preprints have transformed the way scientific research is shared and accessed, offering a faster, more collaborative approach to dissemination. Their rise has had a profound impact on traditional journal publishing, challenging established norms and prompting innovation in the peer review process. As the scientific community continues to embrace preprints, their role in accelerating research dissemination and enhancing public engagement with science is likely to expand, shaping the future of scientific communication.

At Turacoz, we specialize in assisting researchers with the preparation of preprints. Our team of experienced medical writers and reviewers ensures that your preprints are clear, accurate, and impactful, maximizing their potential to reach and engage a broad audience. Visit www.turacoz.com or contact at [email protected] to learn more about how we can support your research communication needs.

Impact Factor and Beyond: Understanding Journal Metrics

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Journal metrics play a crucial role in evaluating the significance and influence of scholarly journals in academic publishing. These metrics serve as quantitative tools that help researchers, institutions, and funding bodies assess the impact of journals and, by extension, the research published within them. Although the impact factor is perhaps the most well-known of these metrics, it is by no means the only one. This blog will dive into various journal metrics, including the impact factor, h-index, and altmetrics, and discuss their significance, limitations, and broader implications for the academic community.

The Impact Factor: A Traditional Measure

The quest to quantify scholarly impact began in the mid-20th century as the volume of scientific literature exploded. Eugene Garfield’s introduction of the Science Citation Index in 1964 and the subsequent development of the impact factor in 1975 marked significant milestones in bibliometrics. The formula for calculating the impact factor is as follows:

Significance of the Impact Factor

  1. Indicator of Influence: The impact factor is widely regarded as an indicator of a journal’s influence and prestige within its field. Higher impact factor values are often associated with prestigious journals.
  2. Decision-Making Tool: Researchers use the impact factor to decide where to submit their work, and institutions use it to assess research output and make funding decisions

Limitations of the Impact Factor

  1. Disciplinary Variations: Different academic fields have different citation behavior. For instance, journals in the natural sciences often have higher impact factors than those in the humanities and social sciences do.
  2. Short-Term Focus: The two-year citation window may not adequately reflect the long-term impact of research, especially in fields where citations accumulate slowly over time.
  3. Susceptibility to Manipulation: Journals may adopt strategies to artificially inflate their impact factors, such as encouraging self-citations or publishing review articles that tend to receive more citations.
  4. Narrow Scope: The impact factor focuses solely on citation counts, ignoring other aspects of scholarly influence, such as societal impact, educational value, or policy influence.

The h-Index: A Measure of Individual and Journal Impact

Introduced by physicist Jorge Hirsch in 2005, aims to measure both the productivity and citation impact of an individual researcher or a journal. An entity has an h-index of h if h of its N papers  have at least h citations each, and the other N – h papers have fewer than h citations each.

Significance of the h-Index

  1. Balanced Metric: The h-index balances quantity (number of publications) and quality (number of citations), providing a more comprehensive measure of impact.
  2. Comparative Tool: This is useful for comparing researchers or journals within the same field, helping to identify influential contributors.

Limitations of the h-Index

  1. Field-Specific Bias: Like the impact factor, the h-index can be biased by field-specific citation practices, which makes cross-disciplinary comparisons problematic.
  2. Age Sensitivity: The h-index tends to favor senior researchers who have had more time to accumulate citations, potentially disadvantaging early-career researchers.
  3. Ignores Context: It does not account for the context of citations, such as whether citations are positive or negative, nor does it consider collaborative efforts where authorship contributions may vary.

Altmetrics: Beyond Traditional Citations

This represents a diverse set of measures that capture the attention research outputs receive online. This includes social media mentions, news coverage, blog posts, and other online platforms. Tools like Altmetric.com and PlumX provide aggregated altmetric scores for individual research output.

Significance of Altmetrics

  1. Broader Impact: Altmetrics capture the broader impact of research, including its influence on public discourse, policy, and practice, which traditional metrics may overlook.
  2. Timeliness: They provide real-time insights into how research is discussed and shared, offering a timely complement to traditional citation metrics.
  3. Engagement: Altmetrics highlights engagement with a wider audience beyond the academic community, reflecting the societal relevance and reach of research.

Limitations of Altmetrics

  1. Data Quality: The reliability and consistency of altmetric data can vary, as it depends on tracking diverse and sometimes ephemeral online activities.
  2. Potential for Gaming: Social media activities can be easily manipulated, raising concerns regarding the authenticity of altmetric scores.
  3. Field-Specific Bias: Certain fields may naturally attract more online attention than others, skewing altmetric comparisons across disciplines.

Integrating Multiple Metrics: A Holistic Approach

While each of these metrics offers valuable insights, none is without flaws. A holistic approach that integrates multiple metrics can provide a more comprehensive evaluation of journal impact. Some strategies for achieving this are as follows:

  1. Combine Metrics: Use a combination of traditional metrics (impact factor, h-index) and alternative metrics (altmetrics) to capture both scholarly and broader societal impacts.
  2. Field-Normalized Indicators: Employ field-normalized indicators to account for disciplinary differences in citation practices, and ensure fair comparisons across fields.
  3. Contextual Analysis: Consider the context of citations and altmetric mentions, distinguishing between positive and negative citations, and identifying the nature of online engagement.
  4. Qualitative Assessments: Complement quantitative metrics with qualitative assessments, such as expert reviews, peer feedback, and case studies, to capture the nuanced impact of research.

The Way Forward

The landscape of journal metrics is evolving, with new tools and methodologies continually being developed to address the limitations of existing metrics. Some emerging trends are as follows:

  • Open Metrics: The movement towards open science is driving the development of open metrics, which are transparent, reproducible, and freely accessible. These metrics aim to provide a more democratic and inclusive assessment of research impact.
  • Responsible Metrics: There is a growing emphasis on responsible metrics that advocate the ethical and responsible use of metrics in research assessment. Initiatives like Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA) and the Leiden Manifesto provide guidelines for the responsible use of metrics.
  • AI and Big Data: Advances in artificial intelligence and big data analytics are enabling the development of sophisticated metrics that can analyze vast amounts of data and provide deeper insights into research impact.

Understanding journal metrics is essential for navigating the complex landscape of academic publishing. While traditional metrics like the impact factor and h-index offer valuable insights into scholarly influence, they have significant limitations. Altmetrics provides a complementary perspective by capturing the broader societal impact of research. However, no single metric can fully capture the multifaceted nature of research impact.

A holistic approach that integrates multiple metrics and considers both quantitative and qualitative assessments is crucial for the comprehensive evaluation of journal impact. As the landscape of journal metrics continues to evolve, researchers, institutions, and funding bodies need to stay informed about emerging trends and adopt responsible practices in research assessment.

At Turacoz, we integrate multiple metrics for journal assessment, combining traditional measures like the IF and h-index with innovative altmetrics. This comprehensive approach captures both scholarly influence and broader societal engagement, providing nuanced insights. Our expertise in academic publishing metrics helps clients make informed decisions about where to publish and how to evaluate research impact. Visit www.turacoz.com or contact [email protected] to discover how we can enhance your research strategy and maximize your work’s visibility and influence.

Visual Data – An aid for Scientific Writers

Medical Writing, Scientific Writing, , , , ,

Visualization of data and information makes clinical research and science more realistic and accessible. A visual presentation of data has a stronger and far-reaching impact on the discerning mind. Tables and graphs are two modes of presenting information in a visually appealing manner, which provide a clear picture of the current and expected scenario. Thus, these are excellent communication tools for the presentation of scientific data and information. Ideas, information, and facts summarized using tables and figures instead of complex scientific jargon are relatively easy to understand by patients and laymen, thereby extending their reach.

As so aptly quoted by William Playfair, an engineer who innovated line charts, bar charts, and pie charts “…it occurred to me, that making an appeal to the eye when proportion and magnitude are concerned, is the best and readiest method of conveying a distinct idea.”

Importance of Tables, Figures, and Graphs in Scientific Writing

  • Presentation of complex information using less space and few words
  • Addition of creativity and value to a manuscript layout
  • Help to manage word count limit
  • Makes it easy for the readers to focus on the most relevant information
  • Easy and rapid assimilation of relevant information by readers, particularly busy healthcare professionals
  • Facilitates communication of science in a crisp and comprehensible way

What type of graphs, tables, or figures to include in your manuscript?

This entirely depends on how you want to narrate your story and what you want your readers to focus on.

Click Here:- Keywords – The Probe to Your Manuscript

How can tables, graphs, and figures be used to make technical writing more creative and less complicated?

  • Decide your objective

Tables convey data and information in a logical and orderly manner. Graphs talk about the relationship between different variables and changing trends. The optimal tool should be chosen according to your objective.

  • Adhere to guidelines

Some journals have instructions about design patterns for graphs and tables. Follow the guidelines given by your target journal.

  • Choose consistency

Maintain a consistent pattern for abbreviations, values, treatments, etc.  Avoid any repetition while sharing information and maintain a consistent rhythm.

  • Completely Complete

Graphs and tables should be self-explanatory. As images attract people before the text, so the visual data should be completely complete in itself!

  • Don’t dress up to kill!

Never use both tables and graphs to represent the same data. Titles must be concise, and abbreviations should be mentioned in footnotes. Graphs and illustrations should be arranged systematically and not just to dress up the data!

Everything about visualizing data in scientific writing, from bar graphs to histograms to line graphs, is a fusion of art and technique. However, putting the appropriate pieces in the right place might become challenging at times. Lack of skill can lead to minor errors, but health science is unapologetically intolerant to them! And here is where, Turacoz steps in to upskill you in your journey of scientific writing.

Turacoz offers courses, workshops, and webinars to guide blooming scientific writers.

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            Course – Scientific Writing: Publication Writing and Submission in Journals

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Eight Ways to Improve Clarity in Medical Writing

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Introduction to Medical Writing

Medical writing involves producing clear, precise documents of high quality to effectively communicate scientific, medical, and clinical data to a wide range of target audiences. It also includes regulatory writing and medical communications.  With the constant advancements in clinical research, large amounts of data must be translated to target audiences such as regulatory authorities, healthcare professionals, patients, and the general public in a clear, explicit, and well-structured format. Apart from thorough technical knowledge, a medical writer must have excellent writing skills to convey complex scientific information credibly and clearly.

Types of Medical Writing

Clarity in Medical Writing

Clarity is the most valued quality required in medical writing to ensure that the audience perceives correct information without any ambiguity. Lack of clarity is the major issue affecting timely submission of research/regulatory documents, publication acceptance rate, and, accessibility of scientific information to health care providers and patients.

Eight Ways to Improve Clarity in Medical Writing:

  1. Clear and Concise Language:
    • Writing in clear language makes a document easy to understand and increases readability.   It is advisable to use simple words to convey accurate information; using sophisticated words often results in confusion and misinterpretation of data. The best practice is to write simple, short sentences containing one idea per sentence for easy interpretation and keeping it concise by using fewer words to communicate necessary information without eliminating any important data.
  2. Avoid Jargons:
    • Using jargon may hinder effective communication especially when the target audience are non-experts in the field of interest. Though experts like scientists or health care providers are aware of medical jargons, it is always recommended to use simpler words and phrases for better communication.
    • When writing for non-experts such as the general public, it is best to avoid jargons completely. For example, writing ‘fast heart rate’ instead of tachycardia, ‘muscle pain’ instead of myalgia, makes it easier to understand.
  3. Avoid Redundancy:
    • Contrary to the assumption that using more words enhances clarity, it may in fact distract the reader from the original idea. It merely adds length to the document without providing any additional information. Do not repeat information that is already presented in the form of tables and figures. This can be achieved by limiting the overuse of synonyms, double negatives, and intensifiers.
  4. Know your Audience:
    • A medical writer offers services to a diverse range of audiences including clinical and regulatory authorities, physicians, patients, and general public. For effective communication, the scientific content has to be tailored according to the target audience. Even cutting-edge research would not leave an impact on the industry experts if it is not documented to suit their level of comprehension. Similarly, when writing for non-experts, the use of plain language is advised to enhance accessibility. Graphical presentation or images can be considered as a good option to convey complex information in a simpler way.
  5. Active over Passive Voice:
    • Medical writers are encouraged to write in active voice for clarity. It helps to present data in a simple, straightforward, and concise manner.
  6. Grammar and Spellings:
    • Good grammar is instrumental to clear and effective medical writing. Grammatically accurate paper conveys precise meaning and in turn keeps the audience engaged. Proper use of punctuations, hyphens, commas aids facilitate comprehensive communication. Similarly, avoiding spelling mistakes helps decipher the right information; a single error in spelling may change the entire meaning of the sentence. A common challenge experienced is with homophones (words with same pronunciation but different meaning); one needs to be vigilant to avoid misinterpretations.
    • It is also important to consider whether to write in British English or US English depending on the target audience and maintain consistency throughout the document.
  7. Formatting:
    • A well written report without proper formatting appears misconstructed. Often standard documents are required to comply with specific regulatory formats. Implementing client specific formatting guidelines aids in improving clarity thereby increasing the level of acceptance.
  8. Proofreading:
    • Once the document is written, proofreading the entire work is extremely critical to check for any inconsistencies or errors in spelling, grammar, abbreviations, capitalizations, and formatting. This step significantly aids in the dissemination of clear, accurate scientific information.

Conclusion

Medical writers play a crucial role in knowledge transfer among scientists, industry experts, healthcare providers, and the public. Accurate interpretation of sophisticated data is essential for good understanding. Articulating well-structured, precise documents can be achieved by implementing various techniques for improving clarity in medical writing.

Medical Writer: Trusted Partner for Medical Affairs Webinar

To get more detailed insights about Medical Writing, we encourage you to register for our upcoming live webinar on 8th January 2022: Webinar Registration Fee (razorpay.com).

Medical Writing for Disease Management Platforms

Disease and Treatment, , , , ,

Disease management programs (DMPs) are defined as “structured treatment plans that aim to help people manage their chronic disease in a better way and to maintain as well as improve quality of life”. The main components of disease management programs are mentioned in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Components of Disease Management Software

By application, the care management solution is classified into chronic care management, disease management and utilization management.

Disease Management Software’s

According to Markets and Markets™ report, the disease management software market is expected to reach USD 37.94 billion by 2027 from USD 14.12 billion in 2019. This may be attributed to the rising geriatric population and burden of chronic diseases.

The disease management software is used to manage, monitor, and process patient data by connecting to electronic health record (EHR) and other healthcare data sources. It aims to reduce healthcare costs and promote government initiatives to assist patient-centric care. The high growth in this segment can be attributed to the ability of these solutions to reduce the cost of care with the help of protocol management and prevent episodes of ill health through comprehensive health management.

To be included in Disease Management Software category, a product must have the following characteristics as mentioned in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Characteristics of Disease Management Software

Some of the examples of disease management software are mentioned in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Examples of Disease Management Software

Mobile Health Apps for Disease Management

Due to widespread use of smart phones and tablet computers, disease management via mobile health apps is easy and is expanding rapidly. Around 3.7 billion apps were downloaded in 2017 and is expected to grow by 16% within the next year. Many apps are available in play store and iTunes for clinical disease management and patient self-management of conditions including asthma, diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and even autism and insomnia. These apps help both doctors and patients as money can be saved by patients and doctors can save on labour force. Some of the apps for chronic disease management are mentioned in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Examples of Disease Management Applications

Poor Usage of Disease Management Software’s and Mobile Apps

One of the reasons why the healthcare apps or software’s fail is because of the lack of understanding about the healthcare apps. Most of the health care apps get uninstalled either due to the highly scientific content which is difficult for the laymen to understand. Apps with very basic scientific content also fail to impress the audience. Therefore, it essential to involve a medical writer who has a scientific background and knows the subject comprehensively. The content for such software’s or apps must be developed based on patient’s requirement, target audience and should be specific to a region.

Role of Medical writing in Developing Health Related Software’s and Mobile Apps

According to Grand View Research, global medical writing industry is expected to reach USD 3.75 billion by 2026. Medical writers are involved in analysis and reporting of retrospective and prospective clinical trials, research methods (descriptive and predictive), health economics, and evaluation of disease management initiatives. Medical writers also play a key role in developing applications for mobile devices that are used in multiple ways, such as:

  • Disease management
  • Continuing education and training
  • Medical reference and information-gathering
  • Practice management and monitoring

The medical writer creates informational or instructional materials for use in health or medical context. These materials allow different audiences to understand health and medical situations or practices, perform certain health or medical-related activities, or use a health/ medical product/ mobile health apps or device. Medical writers must have the following skills to develop medical content:

  • They must possess medical and therapeutic knowledge, and must have understanding about the recent regulations and technical guidelines
  • They must have mastery in language and grammar, proof reading and editing skills, ethical and legal issues related to writing
  • They must have creative writing skills to articulate the scientific information in clear and approachable language
  • As scientific writers are involved in creating content for mobile medical apps and other disease management software’s, it is essential for them to possess instructional designing skills

Writer Groups Initiative in Developing Disease Management Programs

The heterogeneity of disease management programs has made it difficult to compare and evaluate different programs. The American Heart Association’s Disease Management Taxonomy Writing Group developed a taxonomy or system of classification to classify and compare different disease management programs and to inform efforts to identify specific factors associated with effectiveness.

The writers did a MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) search on the terms heart failure, diabetes, and depression, together with disease management, case management, and care management. English articles published between the time period 1987 and 2005 were considered for the program. The following studies were considered:

  • Interventions designed to improve outcomes and/or reduce medical resource utilization in patients with,
  1. Heart failure
  2. Diabetes
  3. Depression
  • Clearly defined protocols with at least two prespecified components traditionally associated with disease management

A taxonomy was developed by the writer’s group with eight domains. A graphic representation of the taxonomic structure and subdomains are found in the Figure 5.

Figure 5: Taxonomic Structure and Subdomains

Turacoz Healthcare Solutions understands its professional responsibility and takes an initiative to make authors and medical writers aware about their role in developing disease management programs. Turacoz is a medical communication company that provides scientific/medical writing support to the industry and academicians.

To contact us, click here.

 

 

 

INNOVATIONS IN PEER-REVIEW

Publication Writing, , , , , , , , ,

Peer Review is the process of evaluation of manuscripts submitted for scientific publication in journals/books, pre-clinical or clinical study reports, research progress reports etc., by experts or peers with similar competence as manuscript authors. It plays a pivotal role in scholarly publications with objective to ascertain quality, reliability and credibility of the work reported in the manuscripts and reports through qualitative scrutiny. This contributes to the acceptability of scientific work as authentic, rigorous and coherent for the intended purpose. Also, it widens networking opportunities within the scientific fraternity.

Types of Peer Review

  • Single blind review: This is the traditional and most common type of review in which the reviewer’s name is hidden from the author.
  • Double-blind review: In this kind of review, there is anonymity of both the author and the reviewer to each other.
  • Open review: The identity of the author and the reviewer are known to each other and there is more transparent communication during the review process.

Peer-review is a golden practice to improve the quality of publications but comes with its own set of disadvantages and shortcomings. Table 1 details the various featural pros and cons of different types of peer-review.

Table 1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Peer-Reviewing [1]

Ethics of Peer Review

As the reviewing experts are essentially from the same area or field of the study as of the authors of documents under review, some conflict of interests or differences in viewpoints may introduce bias that might come in the way of a fair peer review. For instance, a reviewer may not accept the manuscript/report under review if the author’s hypothesis is different from that of the reviewer. Indeed, many journals take this possibility into account and allow the authors submitting manuscripts to give the name(s) of reviewers to whom the manuscript should not be sent for review in addition to names of reviewers the authors would like to recommend. But then, peer review by reviewers recommended by the authors may also occasionally lead to undeservingly favored evaluation.

To avoid undesirable contentions, it is a prerogative for a peer-reviewer to adhere to ethical guidelines outlined by the Committee of Publication Ethics (COPE), which categorises the ethical responsibility of a peer-review into confidentiality of the data reviewed, objectivity of the review process and diligence towards their competency, following processes, policies and conduct [6].

A few ethical practices that should be incorporated in peer-reviewing are as follows:

  • Maintaining objectivity and diligence in assessing a document
  • Avoiding any favoritism or likewise, negative bias
  • Respecting confidentiality of the manuscript
  • Avoiding giving any personal or derogatory remarks
  • Refraining from disrespectful tone of criticism
  • Maintaining timeliness
  • Adhering to the rationales, norms, policies and specific scope of the journal
  • Promptly reporting any unethical duplication or data fabrication/design
  • Staying discrete from the author during the review process to avoid any unwanted confrontation

Essential Components of Peer-Reviewing

Studies conducted by scientists/experts/professional are rendered into a detailed article or manuscript, a draft of which is then sent to the journal editor. The article is sent by the journal editor to peer reviewers before publication. The reviewers then assess the manuscript and extend their comments focusing on the following aspects:

  • Adequacy of the background information (literature survey) justifying the necessity and purpose of the study reported
  • Appropriateness and adequacy of the materials and methods employed to generate the data
  • Compliance to national and international regulatory requirements [e.g. Good Laboratory/Manufacturing/Clinical Practices (GLP/GMP/GCP), Animal ethics, OECD/ICH/USFDA guidelines etc.]
  • Analysis of data using appropriate (statistical) methods
  • Proper interpretation and discussion of the data/results and the conclusions drawn.
  • Originality of the study
  • Presentation of the manuscript relying on legible and comprehendible language that is grammatically, technically and scientifically correct

Innovations in Peer Review

Any advancement or innovation in a process primarily requires recognition of the prevalent roadblocks. “Necessity is the mother of invention”, Plato’s misattributed proverb reflects the rationale of some compelling advancements that peer-reviewing attributes to the share of challenges it had faced.” Addressing some fundamental conundrums, there are many driven groups across the scientific fraternity who have offer valuable innovative answers.

  • Raising the satisfaction quotient of the author-reviewer-editor trilogy by ‘Volunpeers’

Lack of familiarity with the subject matter causes many reviewers to decline from reviewing. To overcome this challenge, the journal of Molecular biology enabled a Reviewer Recognition Platform, that facilitates reviewers, christened as ‘Volunpeers’ (to represent the rationale of this platform), to register for their area of expertise and receive manuscripts for reviewing according to their preference. The outcome of this platform was impressive! It proudly flaunted a high rate of involvement and satisfaction from both the reviewer and the editor and establishes a faith that peer reviewing indeed has not reached an intimidating stagnancy. Figure 1 indicates the promisingly positive impacts of Volunpeer-ing on various critical aspects [2].

Figure 1: Impact of Peer-Reviewing through the Reviewer Recognition Platform ‘Volunpeer’
  • Expediting the process of review and making it less cumbersome and time‑consuming

The dichotomy of time versus quality lead many to attempt to address long and tiresome process of reviewing. Recently, The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery (JBJS) has initiated below mentioned tiny steps to upgrade their overall peer-review process [3].

  • Automated and weekly reminder emails to editors
  • Weekly reminder emails for editor queue statistics
  • Monthly emails delineating acceptance rates and transfer rates by editor
  • Shortened deadlines for peer-reviewing
  • Addition of manuscript Xtract in Editorial Manager that reduces manual entry for basic data like manuscript title, author-names, abstract and affiliations
  • Refining the review process by spotting errors and maintaining quality standards of review

The quality of any manuscript proportions directly to the errors established during review and editing process. A keen study conducted on ‘Improving the peer-review process and editorial quality by studying key errors escaping the review and editorial process in top scientific journals [4]. Figure 1 shows the common trend of errors encountered during review.

Figure 1: Proportion and types of errors during review/editing process [4]

The recognition of these error-patterns led to the application of a novel mistake index, independent of the journal’s impact factor. Mistake Index Total (MIT) represented the fraction of corrections published by total number of items published in a year and Mistake Index Paper (MIP) represented the fraction of corrections published by the total number of papers (categorised by articles) published in a year. These were then statistically analysed and applied on scientific journals of diverse disciplines to determine the type, rate of occurrence and severity of errors encountered. It is hence recommended that a detailed guideline based upon MIT and MIP be provided to reviewers, authors and editors, which can help them minimise error redundancy, reduce time-to-correction and reinforce quality of published manuscripts [4].

  • Ensuring recruitment of competent reviewers and providing visibility, value and appreciation for their efforts by R-index

On a more humane level, getting good reviewers and providing visibility, value and appreciation for their efforts stays a huge contributing factor to optimising the quality and efficiency of peer-review. Lack of recognition of time and valuable expertise of the reviewer often is a big dampener for review quality. A simple yet cutting-edge R-index (Reviewer index), has emerged as an essential metric to quantify and credit a scientist’s contribution as a reviewer, regardless of his/her stage of career. Based on the list of reviewers for any particular journal, number of papers reviewed, total number of words against the journal’s impact factor, and eventually fostered by the editor’s feedback on individual review, a score ranging from 0 to 1 is credited to the reviewers. Widely being accepted and implemented, this index is open doors to a wider academic productivity and increased transparency within the scientific community and works reciprocally towards maintaining and enhancing the quality of reviewing [5].

Conclusion

With a fair share of recognition as well as criticism that it comes with, peer-review is undoubtedly an essential component of the publication world. Although an overall positive impact and effectiveness of peer review mechanism to improve upon quality in biomedical journals has been observed in clinical trial and other comparative study publications, it is still difficult to ascertain its tangible impact, considering the aforesaid challenges [7]. Nevertheless, the brighter side shows that the existing peer-review paradigm is inevitably treading towards innovations; profoundly embedded into the process of scientific progress, its indispensable purpose gives reasons enough to boost its operations and we hope to witness more streamlining, transparency, efficiency, robustness and inventive tableaus in its modus operandi.

Turacoz Healthcare Solutions aims to provide information on the latest trends, updates and advances to help researchers stay abreast of important innovations in peer-review in the field of scientific publications. Turacoz Healthcare provides an end-to-end support for scientific communications, clinical trial documents and disclosures, regulatory documents writing and submissions, and medico-marketing writing along with e-modules & e-books on healthcare and research.

Reference

  1. https://www.elsevier.com/en-in/reviewers/what-is-peer-review
  2. https://www.elsevier.com/connect/reviewers-update/innovation-in-peer-review-introducing-volunpeers
  3. https://www.csescienceeditor.org/article/new-innovations-in-peer-review/
  4. https://peerj.com/articles/1670/
  5. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsos.140540
  6. https://www.aje.com/arc/ethics-peer-review/
  7. https://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g4145

Financial Disclosures in Medical Publishing

Medical Publishing, , , , ,

Introduction

Financial disclosures enable the readers to evaluate the potential conflict of interest (COI) which probably builds the trust of transparency in the medical publishing’s.

Importance

The financial disclosures are made available to the readers either in the published article or by posting the submitted financial disclosure forms online along with the published article. It allows the readers to evaluate the author disclosure with COI and analyze the financial aspect of the published material. Furthermore, it allows one to interpret the information provided in the article accordingly in the gleam of all those disclosures.

Consequences

  • Many scientific journals and funding agencies have adopted and regularized it for the authors to disclose all finance related interests to improve the uprightness of science and manage all COIs. The complete disclosure removes the inkling of hiding some relevant information regarding the object.
  • It allows the reader to draft their own opinion on whether a COI exists and what significant association it has with the study.
  • Readers and editors easily recognize that several nonfinancial forms of bias, may it be executive, cognitive, competition at academic level, or discriminatory based on personal confront can affect a study or the reviews.

Over the past few decades, only the financial disclosure has emerged as an attainable goal among the above stated, but the process has not been perfected either in concept or practice.

The financial disclosure remains a debatable topic in field of medicine with some finding the requested reporting burdensome and others still unsatisfied that declaration is pellucid, at its best.

Turacoz Healthcare Solutions, a medical communication company providing medical writing services, understands the significance of financial disclosures in medical publishing.

Turacoz provides services like scientific writing, publication writing, regulatory writing, clinical trial writing support, pharmacovigilance support, etc.

To know more about the services and to seek help, you can write us at [email protected]

New Drugs For HIV: Making An Impact On HIV Treatment

Drugs and Disease, , , , , , , ,

The global statistics for HIV/AIDS 2017 have revealed that around 37 million people across the globe were affected by HIV, out of which 1.8 million were children. 1.8 million new cases of HIV were registered in 2017, making it about 5,000 new cases per day.

Around 75% of the total people affected by HIV were aware of their condition, whereas the rest 25% were yet to be examined. HIV screening is very important and crucial for its prevention and treatment. 21.7 million HIV positive people, globally, were having the access to antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Though the deaths due to AIDS have been reduced by 51 %, globally, there is still a lot to be done for this condition. Till date, we have no cure for HIV. There are various advancements in the drugs for HIV treatment, but there hasn’t anything been invented yet that can cure HIV forever. In such a case, every new drug invented and approved is a ray of hope for many HIV patients worldwide.

New drugs approval for HIV:

Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration gave its approval to two new drugs developed for treating HIV-1, the most common form of the virus.

Over the decades, this disease has been researched upon and understood by various scientists and efforts have been made to find treatment for the same. This approval signifies the potential and improvement in the treatment of the ailment and states that the options for treating the condition have now increased.

Known drug manufacturer, Merck, announced that FDA have approved the two new antiretroviral drugs- Delstrigo & Pifeltro.

These oral medications are targeted toward those adult HIV patients who have not been exposed to antiretroviral treatments before. These medications aren’t meant for the patients who have been previously receiving the antiretroviral treatments.

The approval for these drugs was granted posted the successful phase 3 clinical trial of these 2 drugs. The trial involved 700 participants for each drug. Both the medicines had same side effect of reducing the cholesterol levels.

People with HIV are now living longer life and with the recent statistics it can be inferred that very soon HIV positive people will live longer than 50 years. In such situation they are most likely to be exposed to issues like high cholesterol. So, in such conditions, the side effects of these drugs can prove beneficial as they lower down the cholesterol.

No single drug is effective for HIV patients. So, people who are looking forward to these drugs must consult their doctor beforehand to figure out the most suited treatment for them.

Choosing a certain drug or treatment regimen depends highly on various factors such as other medical issues faced by the patient, possible side effects and drug interactions. As more and more drug being available for the treatment, customized treatments can be generated keeping in mind patient’s condition.

The complexity of HIV/AIDS is still highly misunderstood by people in general and a lot is yet to be done in treatment of HIV.

Turacoz Healthcare Solutions hopes that more and even better drugs will be manufactured in near future which will make a positive impact on the treatment of HIV/AIDS and hopes that the new drugs manufactured will help in treating HIV and benefit HIV positive people.

Being a medical communication company, Turacoz wishes for HIV positive people to live a long and healthy life. Turacoz offers medical writing services like clinical trial support, pharmacovigilance support, regulatory writing, etc. and is updated on the recent advancements in the treatment of various diseases.

To know more, write us at [email protected]

Myths about HIV/AIDS: Busted

Awareness Day/Month, , , , ,

Ever since HIV/AIDS is discovered, there have been lots of rumors surrounding it. This article aims at busting those myths and presenting the fact.

HIV-Human Immunodeficiency Virus attacks the immune system of human body and makes a person weaker and increases his disability to fight against diseases. This is caused by having unprotected sex with a HIV positive person and using shared needles/syringes for injecting drugs.

There are various myths about HIV. Let’s have a look at them and then get aware of the reality:

  • You can get HIV by being around a HIV positive individual: This is the most popular rumor surrounding this situation, that you can get affected by HIV by staying around a person who suffers from this disease.

Fact: You cannot get affected by HIV by shaking hands, touching, hugging, kissing or sitting together with a HIV positive person. The HIV virus transfers to your body through vaginal fluids, semen and blood of a HIV positive person.

  • HIV is caused by mosquito and insect bites: Another popular myth which says that if a mosquito bites a HIV positive person and bites you too, then you can also get HIV.

Fact: One cannot get HIV from any mosquito or insect bites. Mosquitoes never inject blood in your body, not does any other insect.

  • You cannot live long, if diagnosed with HIV: A common misconception is that if you have HIV than your life is cut-short or say is over. You will die soon.

Fact: HIV does not mean that your life is over. When it came into knowledge, there were any deaths due to it because there was nothing that we knew about this disease. But today, a lot is known about it. Though there is no fix cure for this, but still, there are certain treatments and therapies that help control the damage HIV does to your body. If one follows proper therapy and takes daily doses, one can live a normal, healthy and long life.

  • Having sex with a HIV positive person will get you HIV: Another myth, that says, if you become physically intimate with a person who is HIV positive, you can also get affected by the virus.

Fact: It is very important to understand that how HIV spreads, what are the risk factors and the preventative measures. By using quality condoms, you can lower down the risk of transmission of this virus. Practicing safe sex is the key to stay away from getting infected with this virus.

  • A woman affected by HIV will pass it on to her baby: This myth states that a HIV positive woman will pass on this virus to her baby during pregnancy and the baby with be HIV positive too.

Fact: This can only be possible in the case where no proper measures are taken to prevent the baby from the virus. A HIV positive woman can prevent her baby from getting infected by taking proper treatments at the right time. There are some treatments available that ensure safer deliver of child and keep him/her virus-free.

  • There is no need for condom if you use HIV Prevention Pill: A myth that says, one does not need to use condoms if he/she is taking a PrEP.

Fact: PrEP (HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis) is a technique through which the use of a regular antiretroviral pills can lower down the risk of getting infected by HIV by as much as 92%. But this does not state that the condoms should not be used at all. It is always good to stay on the safer side.

  • One can stop using condoms if he has an undetectable virus: A myth that says if you have suppressed your viruses to an undetectable level, you should quit using condoms.

Fact: It is true to a certain extent that a person who has suppressed his viruses completely such that they become undetectable, is less likely to transmit the virus. But this doesn’t ensure that there aren’t any factors that can increase or reduce the risk individually.

  • We are on the verge of curing HIV/AIDS: Another false claim that the cure for HIV is about to be discovered.

Fact: There are numerous researches going on and a lot has been understood on this disease. Advances are being made but we are not yet close to disclosing the cure for it. Till date, this disease has no permanent cure and only certain drugs are available which can help control the damage.

  • Straight men and the ones who do not take IV drugs cannot get HIV: Misconception that only gays can get affected by this virus called HIV.

Fact: Though men involved in homosexual sex are more likely to develop HIV, heterosexual contact can also get you affected. Around 3 in 4 women and 1 out of 6 men have this situation.

  • You cannot have children if you’re HIV positive: A very common misconception stating that a HIV positive cannot conceive and extend family.

Fact: It is not necessary that you will not be able to have children if HIV positive. There are certain ways and treatments that can help you conceive. Though HIV is a sexually transmitted disease, there are various options you can consider for conceiving, depending on which partner is HIV positive.

Turacoz Healthcare Solutions aims at spreading awareness regarding HIV/AIDS and debunk any myths or misconceptions surrounding it and make people understand the reality.

Turacoz is a medical communication company and provide services like medical writing, regulatory writing, publication writing,  pharmacovigilance, etc. So, being related to pharma industry, we believe in raising awareness among masses for certain diseases and help them in knowing the truth.

To avail our services or for any query or help, you can contact us at:

[email protected]

Significance of Publication Planning

Publication Writing, , , ,

Publication planning is that part of the pharmaceutical landscape that ensures that data from pharma companies (clinical trials, commentaries on drug/device class, and other publications supporting the efficacy of drug/device) is disseminated through medical journal articles–an important aspect of pharma companies’ overall marketing strategy. To publish a mix of editorials, primary and secondary publication, and review papers is the goal of efficient publication planning. Strategic publication planning can maximize product visibility throughout its life cycle. The launch of new drug/device in the market can be successful if the key clinical messages reach the target audience at the right time, for which publication planning is essential. The most successful drugs launched in the last 10-15 years have ridden on the back of a very well-implemented publication strategies. Overall, publication planning aids in the accurate reporting of scientific research, thereby promoting ethical transparency at every stage of medical research through the involvement of investigators, journal editors, and publication professionals.

An effective publication planning team is the key to an efficient publication plan. It is the publication planning team that creates a proactive plan to deliver client‑focused solutions and enable strategic planning and timely implementation of the publication plan. The first step in a publication plan is a “GAP analysis”, which can identify gaps in the literature. Thereafter, the team does an analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) comprising product strengths, weaknesses, market opportunities, and market threats to understand which areas need maximum focus during implementation of the publication plan. For example, if the product in question has more safety issues compared to its competitors, then the publications would mostly be aimed to showcase that the safety concerns are unfounded. The publication planning team also analyzes the Health Economics and Outcomes Research (HEOR) related to the product and various competitors available in the market. In addition, it is the responsibility of the publication planning team to discuss issues related to authorship and data interpretation, and to ensure all the professionals involved in the publication process meet scientific and ethical standards. A good publication planner gets the best key opinion leaders (KOLs), study investigators, and a publication agency (if needed) to write the papers. This allows authors to concentrate only on scientific discussion, and not on logistical issues. Moreover, it encourages transparent communication between researchers and contributors.

There are also a few ethical issues that the publication planning team needs to deal with. These are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Ethical issues relating to publication planning

Apart from ethical considerations the publication strategy team should know the audience; whether they intend to reach out to primary-care physicians, specialists, allied health specialists, managed care specialists, hospital pharmacists, retail pharmacists, formulary managers, and calibrate their publication plan accordingly. Based on this, they should select the journals for publication. Although publishing in a top-tier journals is prestigious, and adds substantially to a product’s first impression, it should be balanced against the length of time to publication. Prestige cannot make up for a publication that arrives too late. Early publication planning helps to ensure both goals are achieved. Finally, ensuring that a publication coincides with important meetings is an important part of efficient publication planning. This can ensure that the medical representatives at these scientific meetings have evidence to back their claims regarding the drugs/devices they are promoting.

With new guidelines such as GPP3 in place, there is an increased scrutiny on publication planning. Therefore, understanding good publication practices for providing structure and ethical implementation of the publication plan are important.

Turacoz Healthcare Solutions (THS), a medical communication company, offers services to healthcare professionals in clinical research, regulatory writing, medico marketing writing, publication writing and support for conducting medical advisory board meetings. Turacoz understands the importance of a good publication which is in line with the new GPP3 guidelines. We follow the same updated guidelines for all our publications and comply with all legal, ethical and regulatory requirements. To know more about our specialization, please do visit our services section.